Intimacy Seeking stalking arises out of a context of loneliness and a lack of a close confidante. The Intimacy Seeking stalker (click to expand) Often Resentful stalkers present themselves as a victim who is justified in using stalking to fight back against an oppressing person or organisation. The initial motivation for stalking is the desire for revenge or to ‘even the score’ and the stalking is maintained by the sense of power and control that the stalker derives from inducing fear in the victim. Resentful stalking can arise out of a severe mental illness when the perpetrator develops paranoid beliefs about the victim and uses stalking as a way of ‘getting back’ at the victim. Victims are strangers or acquaintances who are seen to have mistreated the stalker. Resentful stalking arises when the stalker feels as though they have been mistreated or that they are the victim of some form of injustice or humiliation. In other cases the behaviour is maintained because it allows the stalker to salvage their damage self-esteem and feel better about themselves. In some cases of protracted stalking, the behaviour is maintained because becomes a substitute for the past relationship as it allows the stalker to continue to feel close to the victim. In many cases Rejected stalkers present as ambivalent about the victim and sometimes appear to want the relationship back, while at other times they are clearly angry and want revenge on the victim. The initial motivation of a Rejected stalker is either attempting to reconcile the relationship, or to exacting revenge for a perceived rejection. Victims are usually former sexual intimates however family members, close friends, or others with a very close relationship to the stalker can also become targets of Rejected stalking. Rejected stalking arises in the context of the breakdown of a close relationship. This typology really focuses on the apparent function of the behaviour for the stalker, as that can help to guide assessment, and consequently, can inform treatment and management.
It then incorporates the nature of the prior relationship between victim and stalker, and the role of mental illness in motivating the stalking behaviour. This typology places the greatest emphasis on the context in which the stalking arose and the stalker’s initial motivation for contacting the victim. This typology, developed by Paul Mullen, Michele Pathé and Rosemary Purcell, divides stalkers into five types, which are described further under the below. The SRP uses a slightly more complex typology that provides extra information to assist professionals with understanding and managing stalking behaviour. Research clearly shows that ex-intimates are far more likely to be violent than other types of stalkers, and victims may have to take different precautions if someone who is very familiar with them is harassing them.
This relationship-based typology can be a useful starting point for thinking about the kinds of risks and management strategies that might be appropriate in a stalking situation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, 147–155).
Using this typology, stalkers can be classified as a former sexual intimate (ex-intimate), an acquaintance (including friends and family members), or a stranger (either public figure or private stranger) (see Mohandie, Meloy, Green-McGowan, & Williams (2006). Perhaps the most straightforward breaks stalking down into the type of prior relationship the victim had with the stalker. A number of different typologies have been proposed to help us understand stalking behaviour and stalkers. It is clear that although stalking cases often look similar on the surface and involve the same kinds of behaviours, the reasons that people engage in stalking are complex and varied.
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